Probiotics in Gastrointestinal Health: Current Status and Future Applications

Authors

  • Nidhi Department of Kayachikitsa, Quadra Institute of Ayurveda, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India Author
  • Samresh Pal Roy Department of Pharmacology, Sardar Patel College of Pharmacy, Bakrol, Anand, India Author
  • Annu Department of Pharmacology, Sardar Patel College of Pharmacy, Bakrol, Anand, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, Sardar Patel College of Pharmacy, Bakrol, Anand, India Author

Keywords:

Probiotics, Gut microbiota, Dysbiosis, Irritable bowel syndrome, Inflammatory bowel disease, Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, Clostridioides difficile infection, Helicobacter pylori, Necrotizing enterocolitis, Gastrointestinal health

Abstract

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts and have gained increasing attention for their role in gastrointestinal health. The gut microbiota plays a critical role in pathogen resistance, maintenance of intestinal epithelial integrity, metabolism of dietary and pharmaceutical compounds, regulation of immune responses, and modulation of the gut-brain axis. Disruption of this microbial balance, termed dysbiosis, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal health disorders. Probiotics exert strain-specific effects through multiple mechanisms, including competition with pathogens for nutrients and adhesion sites, production of antimicrobial substances, enhancement of gut barrier function via stimulation of mucus secretion and tight junction proteins, and modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Clinical evidence suggests potential therapeutic and preventive roles for selected probiotic strains in several gastrointestinal conditions; however, findings remain heterogeneous. In irritable bowel syndrome, strains such as Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus plantarum 299v have demonstrated modest improvements in abdominal pain, bloating, and global symptoms, though results are inconsistent across studies. In inflammatory bowel disease, certain Bifidobacterium-containing formulations show benefit in ulcerative colitis, while evidence for Crohn’s disease remains limited. Meta-analyses indicate that probiotics can reduce the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridioides difficile infection, with efficacy varying by strain and formulation. Probiotics may also support Helicobacter pylori eradication and reduce treatment-related adverse effects. In neonates, specific multi-strain products have been associated with reduced necrotizing enterocolitis. Overall, probiotic benefits are strain-dependent, product-specific, and generally modest. Further well-designed, strain-level clinical trials are required to establish standardized dosing, long-term safety, and definitive clinical utility.

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2026-01-08

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Nidhi, Roy, S. P., & Annu. (2026). Probiotics in Gastrointestinal Health: Current Status and Future Applications. Journal of Digestive Biomolecules & Therapeutics, 1(1), 25-41. https://jdbt.eternopublisher.com/index.php/jdbt/article/view/6