Metabolic Syndrome in 2025: Pathophysiology, Multi-Organ Crosstalk, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies
Keywords:
Metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, Immunometabolism, Gut microbiome, Artificial intelligence, Multi-omicsAbstract
The global burden of metabolic diseases has increased substantially, positioning metabolic syndrome as a major public health concern. It comprises a cluster of interrelated conditions, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, driven by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. This review provides an updated synthesis (2025) of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying metabolic syndrome, with emphasis on insulin resistance as a central contributor to metabolic dysfunction. Key processes including beta-cell dysfunction, adipose tissue inflammation, and multi-organ crosstalk are discussed to illustrate the systems-level nature of the disease. Therapeutic strategies are examined, highlighting advances in incretin-based therapies and SGLT2 inhibitors, which have demonstrated significant benefits in glycemic control, weight reduction, and cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Emerging areas, including immunometabolism, gut microbiome interactions, and the integration of artificial intelligence with multi-omics technologies, are also considered, with attention to their current limitations and translational status. Overall, this review integrates mechanistic insights with clinical advances to provide a comprehensive perspective on metabolic syndrome and its evolving management in the era of precision medicine.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Shivangi Sharma, Shivank Sharma (Author)
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